84 research outputs found
Improvements to the Overpotential of All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries during the Past Ten Years
After the research that shows that Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS)-type sulfide solid electrolytes can reach the high ionic conductivity at the room temperature, sulfide solid electrolytes have been intensively developed with regard to ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. As a result, an increasing volume of research has been conducted to employ all-solid-state lithium batteries in electric automobiles within the next five years. To achieve this goal, it is important to review the research over the past decade, and understand the requirements for future research necessary to realize the practical applications of all-solid-state lithium batteries. To date, research on all-solid-state lithium batteries has focused on achieving overpotential properties similar to those of conventional liquid-lithium-ion batteries by increasing the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes. However, the increase in the ionic conductivity should be accompanied by improvements of the electronic conductivity within the electrode to enable practical applications. This essay provides a critical overview of the recent progress and future research directions of the all-solid-state lithium batteries for practical applications
Proprioceptive External Torque Learning for Floating Base Robot and its Applications to Humanoid Locomotion
The estimation of external joint torque and contact wrench is essential for
achieving stable locomotion of humanoids and safety-oriented robots. Although
the contact wrench on the foot of humanoids can be measured using a
force-torque sensor (FTS), FTS increases the cost, inertia, complexity, and
failure possibility of the system. This paper introduces a method for learning
external joint torque solely using proprioceptive sensors (encoders and IMUs)
for a floating base robot. For learning, the GRU network is used and random
walking data is collected. Real robot experiments demonstrate that the network
can estimate the external torque and contact wrench with significantly smaller
errors compared to the model-based method, momentum observer (MOB) with
friction modeling. The study also validates that the estimated contact wrench
can be utilized for zero moment point (ZMP) feedback control, enabling stable
walking. Moreover, even when the robot's feet and the inertia of the upper body
are changed, the trained network shows consistent performance with a
model-based calibration. This result demonstrates the possibility of removing
FTS on the robot, which reduces the disadvantages of hardware sensors. The
summary video is available at https://youtu.be/gT1D4tOiKpo.Comment: Accepted by 2023 IROS conferenc
Control of A High Performance Bipedal Robot using Viscoelastic Liquid Cooled Actuators
This paper describes the control, and evaluation of a new human-scaled biped
robot with liquid cooled viscoelastic actuators (VLCA). Based on the lessons
learned from previous work from our team on VLCA [1], we present a new system
design embodying a Reaction Force Sensing Series Elastic Actuator (RFSEA) and a
Force Sensing Series Elastic Actuator (FSEA). These designs are aimed at
reducing the size and weight of the robot's actuation system while inheriting
the advantages of our designs such as energy efficiency, torque density, impact
resistance and position/force controllability. The system design takes into
consideration human-inspired kinematics and range-of-motion (ROM), while
relying on foot placement to balance. In terms of actuator control, we perform
a stability analysis on a Disturbance Observer (DOB) designed for force
control. We then evaluate various position control algorithms both in the time
and frequency domains for our VLCA actuators. Having the low level baseline
established, we first perform a controller evaluation on the legs using
Operational Space Control (OSC) [2]. Finally, we move on to evaluating the full
bipedal robot by accomplishing unsupported dynamic walking by means of the
algorithms to appear in [3].Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
Emission of Spin-correlated Matter-wave Jets from Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensates
We report the observation of matter-wave jet emission in a strongly
ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensate of Li atoms. Directional
atomic beams with and spin states
are generated from state condensates, or vice versa. This
results from collective spin-mixing scattering events, where spontaneously
produced pairs of atoms with opposite momentum facilitates additional
spin-mixing collisions as they pass through the condensates. The matter-wave
jets of different spin states () can be a macroscopic
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state with spacelike separation. Its spin-momentum
correlations are studied by using the angular correlation function for each
spin state. Rotating the spin axis, the inter-spin and intra-spin momentum
correlation peaks display a high contrast oscillation, indicating collective
coherence of the atomic ensembles. We provide numerical calculations that
describe the experimental results at a quantitative level and can identify its
entanglement after 100~ms of a long time-of-flight.Comment: 13 pages(6 main text, 7 supplemental material), 12 figure
Direct Preference-based Policy Optimization without Reward Modeling
Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) is an approach that enables RL
agents to learn from preference, which is particularly useful when formulating
a reward function is challenging. Existing PbRL methods generally involve a
two-step procedure: they first learn a reward model based on given preference
data and then employ off-the-shelf reinforcement learning algorithms using the
learned reward model. However, obtaining an accurate reward model solely from
preference information, especially when the preference is from human teachers,
can be difficult. Instead, we propose a PbRL algorithm that directly learns
from preference without requiring any reward modeling. To achieve this, we
adopt a contrastive learning framework to design a novel policy scoring metric
that assigns a high score to policies that align with the given preferences. We
apply our algorithm to offline RL tasks with actual human preference labels and
show that our algorithm outperforms or is on par with the existing PbRL
methods. Notably, on high-dimensional control tasks, our algorithm surpasses
offline RL methods that learn with ground-truth reward information. Finally, we
show that our algorithm can be successfully applied to fine-tune large language
models.Comment: NeurIPS 202
Reading Books is Great, But Not if You Are Driving! Visually Grounded Reasoning about Defeasible Commonsense Norms
Commonsense norms are defeasible by context: reading books is usually great,
but not when driving a car. While contexts can be explicitly described in
language, in embodied scenarios, contexts are often provided visually. This
type of visually grounded reasoning about defeasible commonsense norms is
generally easy for humans, but (as we show) poses a challenge for machines, as
it necessitates both visual understanding and reasoning about commonsense
norms. We construct a new multimodal benchmark for studying visual-grounded
commonsense norms: NORMLENS. NORMLENS consists of 10K human judgments
accompanied by free-form explanations covering 2K multimodal situations, and
serves as a probe to address two questions: (1) to what extent can models align
with average human judgment? and (2) how well can models explain their
predicted judgments? We find that state-of-the-art model judgments and
explanations are not well-aligned with human annotation. Additionally, we
present a new approach to better align models with humans by distilling social
commonsense knowledge from large language models. The data and code are
released at https://seungjuhan.me/normlens.Comment: Published as a conference paper at EMNLP 2023 (long
Surface and Interfacial Chemistry in the Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials
With increasing demands for high energy lithium-ion batteries, layered nickel-rich cathode materials have been considered as the most promising candidate due to their high reversible capacity and low cost. Although some of the materials with nickel contents <= 60 % were commercialized, there are tremendous obstacles for further improvement of electrochemical performance, which is strongly related to the unstable cathode surface and interfacial properties. In this regard, a specific review on the interfacial chemistry between the cathode and electrolyte during electrochemical testing is provided. We highlight the underpinning interfacial chemistry and degradation mechanisms of the cathode materials. Finally, light is shed on the recent efforts for enhancing the interfacial stability of the nickel-rich cathode materials
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